9.2 The Identification and Production of Materials

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General information	Polymers	Materials and Energy from the Biomass
Renewable carbon compounds as fuels	Alternative energy sources	Nuclear chemistry

The Identification and Production of Materials - lecture notes by Dr Gavin Edwards (The University of New South Wales) in pdf format from the 2000 Year 12 HSC workshop for teachers
http://www.chem.unsw.edu.au/highschool/files/materials.pdf

Chemistry: Production of Materials - from HSC Online
http://hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/

Polymer Discovery - from Online HSC Resources, Key Centre for Polymer Colloids, The University of Sydney
http://www.kcpc.usyd.edu.au/discovery/Syllabus.html

Polymer Factsheet - from Assumption College, downloadable .pdf file
http://www.assumption.edu/users/bniece/olympiad/Polymers/PolymerFacts.pdf

Faces in Polymers - a module from the Chemical Heritage Foundation, History of Chemistry
http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/FACES/teacher/poly/home.htm

Polymers: Molecular Giants - from Chemical Heritage Foundation
http://www.chemheritage.org/explore/explore-nav5.html

The Macrogalleria- from the Department of Polymer Science, University of Southern Mississippi - a cyberwonderland of polymer fun
http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/index.htm

Baffled by the Baby Bottle: A Case Study in Chemistry - from The National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science Case Study Collection at State University of New York at Buffalo, includes CASE TEACHING NOTES for Baffled by the Baby Bottle
http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/baffled/baffled.html

Physical Properties of Food Wraps - from The Dow Chemical Company - a laboratory procedure
http://www.doweducation.com/teachers/g912/physical.htm

World Of Plastics And Polymers - from Science and Mathematics Initiative for Learning Enhancement, Illinois Institute of Technology- Laboratory procedures to make plastics and investigate their properties
http://www.iit.edu/~smile/chbi9904.htm

Polymers and People - from Beyond Discovery, The National Academy of Sciences
http://www.beyonddiscovery.org/content/view.article.asp?a=203

Materials in Everyday Life - from the Materials Science & Engineering Career Resource Center - includes the bionic person, automobiles, bicylces and the kitchen
http://www.crc4mse.org/MEL/

Refining of Petroleum -from Australian Institute of Petroleum - a Fact Sheet
http://www.aip.com.au/industry/fact_refine.htm

Refining Petroleum - from Earth Science Australia
http://earthsci.org/mineral/energy/gasexpl/refine.html

10.6.4 Break down large molecules by catalytic cracking of kerosene - from The University of Queensland: School Science Lessons- practical activities
http://www.uq.edu.au/_School_Science_Lessons/topic10.html#10.6.4

Simple Distillation - short video of setting up equipment from Online Lab Manual, Wellesley College
http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/chem211lab/Orgo_Lab_Manual/Appendix/Techniques/SimpleDistill/simple_distillation.html

Illustration of apparatus for distillation exercise - graphic - from The University of Queensland: Science School Lessons
http://www.uq.edu.au/_School_Science_Lessons/10.6.3chd.GIF

Plastics Resource - from the American Plastics Council, includes How plastics are made
Plastics - The Basics and Uses of Plastics (Plastics 101)
http://www.plasticsresource.com/s_plasticsresource/sec.asp?TRACKID=&CID=92&DID=133

Ethylene - Ethene (ethylene): Properties, Production & Uses - from Aus-etute Chemistry (tutorials designed for High School Chemistry Students)
http://www.ausetute.com.au/ethene.html

The Vinyl Institute - includes Vinyl the material, Vinyl and the environment
http://www.vinylinfo.org/

The Vinyl Council of Australia
http://www.vinyl.org.au/

Vinyl Chloride Monomer - from The Vinyl Council of Australia
http://www.vinyl.org.au/environment/vinylchloridemonomer.cfm?

Manufacturing PVC - from Australian Vinyls
http://www.av.com.au/manufact/intro.html

Polyvinyl Chloride PVC - from British Plastics Federation
http://www.bpf.co.uk/bpfindustry/plastics_materials_Polyvinyl_Chloride_PVC.cfm

IISRP Online - International Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers, Inc. including What is Synthetic Rubber?
http://www.iisrp.com/

What do those recycling Numbers mean? - from the Macrogalleria
http://www.visy.com.au/divisions/category_page.aspx?did=1&sid=3&cid=89&scid=90

ChemFinder.Com - search for information about molecules - by common name, partial name, molecular formula, molecular weight and more
http://chemfinder.camsoft.com/

Plastic Money - from Questacom
http://www.questacon.edu.au/html/plastic_banknotes.html

A NEW ERA – POLYMER CURRENCY NOTES: 1988 Onwards - from Reserve Bank of Australia
http://www.rba.gov.au/Museum/Displays/1988_onwards_polymer_currency_notes/index.html

Polymer Currency Notes - from Note Printing Australia
http://www.noteprinting.com/banknotes.html

Polymers and Polymerization - from Ause-tute
http://www.ausetute.com.au/polymers.html

Polymers - from Launceston College
http://www.launc.tased.edu.au/online/sciences/PhysSci/pschem/carbon/poly/Polymers.htm

Polymers and intermolecular bonds - from Making the Modern World
http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning_modules/chemistry/03.TU.02/

Addition (Chain Growth) Polymers - from Mark Bishop's Chemistry Site at Monterey Peninsula College
http://www.mpcfaculty.net/mark_bishop/addition_polymers.htm

Let's Make an Addition Polymer - from University of Illinois, Urbana/Champaign - The Polymerization of Polymethylacrylate from a Methyl Acrylate Monomer
http://matse1.mse.uiuc.edu/~tw/polymers/a.html

Polymer Chemistry - from Tangram Technology Ltd
http://www.tangram.co.uk/TI-Polymer-Introduction.html

Step Growth Polymerisation - Notes for Overhead Projector from University of Warwick
http://www.kcpc.usyd.edu.au/discovery/9.2.2/

Condensation Polymerisation Reaction Used in the creation of Nylon 6-10 - From University of Illinois, Urbana/Champaign - A Demonstration
http://matse1.mse.uiuc.edu/~tw/polymers/c.html

Polystyrene Packaging Delivers! - from Polystyrene Packaging Company including Educational Resources and Polystyrene Facts
http://www.polystyrene.org/

BASF GROUP - On the BASF server you can search for any information by using the "search for" command and inserting one or more items eg 'Styrene Polymers'.
http://www.basf.de/en/suche.htm?&su=Styrene+polymers&go=start+search&id=*129*OH**bsf000

Free Leaflets - Plastics Industry - from Health and Safety Executive, UK
http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/plasindx.htm

The Polystyrene Page - from Environmental Justice Activists Site
http://www.ejnet.org/plastics/polystyrene/

Fire and explosion risks from pentane in expandable polystyrene (EPS) - from Health and Safety Executive, UK - EPS beads contain a flammable gas, usually pentane
http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/ppis1.pdf

Polystyrene & Health Homepage - from Enviroweb, an online support list
http://www.ejnet.org/plastics/polystyrene/health.html

What is Biomass? Biomass is the animal and plant matter present in the biosphere.

Biomass – the growing energy resource - from Nova, Australian Academy of Science
http://www.science.org.au/nova/039/039key.htm

Biomass Program - from Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/

Biomass Processing in the 21st Century - from Dartmouth College, USA - Potential, Challenges and a Vision of the Future
http://www.thayer.dartmouth.edu/thayer/research/bioproc.html

Biomass - The Australian Greenhouse Office
http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/renewable/recp/biomass/index.html

Biomass energy - from Sustainable Energy Queensland
http://www.sustainableenergy.qld.edu.au/pdfs/factsheet_10.pdf

Exploring Ways to Use Biomass Energy - from Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/renewable_energy/biomass/index.cfm/mytopic=50001

Uses of Starches and Sugars - from US Department of Agriculture
http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/ius6/ius6b.pdf

Biobased Products and Bioenergy - from US Department of Agriculture
http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/rbs/biomass/biomass.htm

Structure of Cellulose - graphic - from University of Notre Dame
http://www.nd.edu/~aseriann/cellulose.html

Structure of Cellulose - graphic - from Southbank University, UK
http://www.sbu.ac.uk/water/hycel.html

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Chemical Fact Sheet for Ethanol - from Spectrum Laboratories
http://www.speclab.com/compound/c64175.htm

Ethanol fact sheet - from Department of Environment and Heritage
http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/35.html

Ethanol Production Process - from Australian Ethanol Limited
http://www.indcor.com.au/process.htm

Ethanol from Plants - from Online HSC Resources, Key Centre for Polymer Colloids, The University of Sydney
http://www.kcpc.usyd.edu.au/discovery/9.2.3/

The Corn Fuel Ethanol Home Page - from Ontario Corn Producers Association
http://ontariocorn.org/ethanol/ethahome.html

Alcohol, Chemistry and You - from Kennesaw University - Case-Study General Chemistry Curriculum Supplements
http://chemcases.com/alcohol/alc-03.htm

Ethanol Chemistry - from a UK GCSE Site for students
http://gcsechemistry.com/iethanol.htm

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Ethanol from Plants - from The Key Centre for Polymer Colloids
http://www.kcpc.usyd.edu.au/discovery/9.2.3-short/syllabus.html

Properties and Uses of Ethanol - from Science Fun - includes information about effects of drinking alcohol
http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/ethanol/ethanol.html

Products from Cellulose

Cellulose Acetate - from The Plastics Historical Society - Images of Products
http://www.plastiquarian.com.ca.htm

More Detail http://www.plastiquarian.com/ca2.htm

Cellulose Ethers - from SpecialChem - Many Uses are listed
http://www.specialchem4adhesives.com/resources/latest/displaynews.aspx?id=243

Cellulose Acetate Phthalate - from G.M. Chemical products - Used to coat medicine tablets
http://www.gmchemical.com/products.htm

Cellulose Acetate Reinforcing Fibre - from Central Fiber Products, describes Many Uses
http://www.centralfiber.com/fibers.html

Glue Created from Biomass Byproducts - from The A to Z of Materials
http://www.azom.com/details.asp?newsID=6814

Renewable Technologies

Renewable energy projects - from Australian Greenhouse Office
http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/renewable/projects/index.html

Enabling Technologies - from Australian Greenhouse Office
http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/renewable/recp/enabling/index.html

Renewable Energy Map of Australia - from Geoscience Australia - with clickable map to investigate location of power generation in Australia from renewable sources
http://www.agso.gov.au/renewable/

How Batteries Work - from Energizer
http://www.energizer.com/learning/howbatterieswork.asp

How Batteries Work - from How Stuff Works
http://home.howstuffworks.com/battery.htm

Learn about Hydrogen and Fuel Cells - from energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/education/abcs.html

Electric Transportation - Owning an Electric Vehicle: An Overview - Battery Primer - from South Carolina Edison
http://www.sce.com/PowerandEnvironment/ElectricTransportation/Tips/BatteryPrimer.htm

Battery chemistry - from Ultralife
http://www.ultralifebatteries.com/battery_chemistry.php

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Basics - from Olympus Microscopy - Java Applet shows animation
http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/java/fuelcell/

Experiments in Electrochemistry - from the Fun Science Gallery - including the Lemon Battery, Daniell's Cell, the Concentration Cell, Volta's Pile and a Galvanic Cell
http://www.funsci.com/fun3_en/electro/electro.htm

Added Information on Galvanic Cells Feb 2003

Galvanic Cell Diagram - from Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University
http://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/majors/tutorialnotefiles/galvanic.gif

Galvanic Cell - from Eveready Batteries - Image shows types of batteries
http://www.energizer.com/products/default.asp

Non-rechargeable Batteries - from the Electrochemistry Encyclopedia, Case Western Reserve University - History and Diagrams
http://electrochem.cwru.edu/ed/encycl/fig/art-b02-batt-nonr.htm

Lithium Cell - from the Electrochemistry Encyclopedia, Case Western Reserve University, Diagrams of Stucture
http://electrochem.cwru.edu/ed/encycl/fig/b02/b02-f07.jpg

Lead-Acid Battery - from Georgia State University - Diagrams of Stucture, Charging and Discharging Processes
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/leadacid.html

Fuel Cell Image - from Newmango Design - Colour Diagram of Stucture of Fuel Cell
http://www.newmango.com/infographics/fuel_cell.html

Fuel Cell - from Technology Reseach News - A fuel cell for a Mobile Phone
http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/2002/031302/Fuel_cell_aimed_at_handhelds_031302.html

The UNSW Vanadium Battery - Recent Progress
http://www.vrb.unsw.edu.au/

The Gratzel Cell - also called the Dye Sensitized Solar Cell

Solar Leaves - from Online Chemical Engineering Information
http://www.cheresources.com/solarleaves.shtml

Gratzel Cells – Solar Cells Based on Titanium Dioxide - from the A to Z of Materials
http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=2210

Dye Sensitized Solar Cells - from University of Queensland Physics - A replacement for the dye
http://www.physics.uq.edu.au/lp/nano-optics/photovoltaics.html

Dye Sensitized Solar Cells - from University of Queensland Physics - Scroll Down to 2.Alternative Solar Cells
http://softsolids.physics.uq.edu.au/our_research.html

Reduction Potentials - from University of Southern California - Table of Values
http://www.csudh.edu/oliver/chemdata/data-e.htm

Calculating Cell EMF (Voltages) - from Aus-e-Tute Chemistry Tutorials -includes worked examples
http://www.ausetute.com.au/calcelemf.html

Download an Excel spreadsheet/database which contains selected information on over 70 isotopes that are used in medicine, industry or for scientific research. Information in the database includes name of element, symbol, alternative name, isotope, half-life, radiation produced, general and specific use, and where available, details of how the isotope is produced, handling requirements and chemical properties. If available, a suitable web site (URL) has been added. Requires Microsoft Excel to open the file.

Welcome to the University of Wisconsin Nuclear Reactor (UWNR) Virtual Tours - this is a research reactor primarily used for educational purposes, tour includes photographs, diagrams and animations
http://reactor.engr.wisc.edu/Vtour.htm

The Benign Hamburger - from The National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science Case Study Collection at State University of New York at Buffalo, includes
CASE TEACHING NOTES for The Benign Hamburger
http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/Benign_Hamburger.html

Nuclear Chemistry - from Physical Science Series - Interactive Multimedia programs
http://www.physicalscienceseries.com/nuclearchemistry.htm

Use of Lead-210 Dating - from The School of Geoscienes, University of Wollongong
Identifying Recent Sedimentation in the Minnamurra River
http://www.coastal.crc.org.au/coast2coast2002/proceedings/Theme4/Use-of-lead-210-dating-identify.pdf

Fact Sheets on Medical Uses of Radioisotopes

Radioisotopes and You - from the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO)
http://www.ansto.gov.au/ari/

Radioactivity, Isotopes and Radioisotopes from Nature, Nuclear Reactors and Cyclotrons for use in Nuclear Medicine - from the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation
http://www.ansto.gov.au/info/reports/radboyd.html

TUTORIAL: Radioisotope Production - from Crump Institute for Biological Imaging, UCLA School of Medicine
http://www.crump.ucla.edu/lpp/radioisotopes/radioisoprod.html

Nuclear Medicine - from The National Atomic Museum, USA
http://www.atomicmuseum.com/tour/nuclearmedicine.cfm

Radiopharmacy - from The Department of Nuclear Medicine at Liverpool Hospital, NSW
http://www.swsahs.nsw.gov.au/healthser/liv/NucMed/radiopharmacy.asp

Physics: From Quanta to Quarks - links to HSC Physics pages, from UniServe Science
http://science.uniserve.edu.au/school/curric/stage6/phys/fromqtoq.html

Nuclear Energy Institute - Nuclear Industrial Applications
http://www.nei.org/index.asp?catnum=2&catid=110

Radiopharmaceuticals - A Tutorial - from Loyola University, USA
http://lunis.lumc.edu/nucmed/tutorial/radpharm/

The Canadian Nuclear Industry - an unofficial and privately-maintained list of Frequently-Asked Questions (FAQs) regarding CANDU reactors and nuclear power generation in Canada
http://www.nuclearfaq.ca/

TUTORIAL: Radioisotope Production - PET Tracers: Structure and Function - from Crump Institute for Biological Imaging, UCLA School of Medicine
http://www.crump.ucla.edu/lpp/radioisotopes/tracers.html

Radioisotopes in Industry - from Uranium Information Centre Ltd
http://www.uic.com.au/nip27.htm

Radioisotopes in Medicine - from Uranium Information Centre Ltd
http://www.uic.com.au/nip26.htm

Uranium Information Centre, Australia: Educational Resource Papers - including Chemistry of Uranium and the Peaceful Atom
http://www.uic.com.au/education.htm

Nuclear Chemistry and the Community - from ChemCases.com at Kennesaw State University
http://www.chemcases.com/nuclear/

Radioimmunoassay - from John Kimball's Biology Pages
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/R/Radioimmunoassay.html

Let's Play PET - from UCLA School of Medicine - Main Menu,
http://laxmi.nuc.ucla.edu:8000/lpp/lpphome.html

Let's Play PET - from UCLA School of Medicine - Main Menu (ShockWave version of above)
http://laxmi.nuc.ucla.edu:8000/lpp/shocked/lppshocked.html
also
http://www.crump.ucla.edu/lpp/shocked/rds.html

Isotopes for Medicine and the Life Sciences - from National Academies Press, USA - a book available as scanned graphic images
http://books.nap.edu/books/0309051908/html/

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For further information contact Hazel Jones

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