8.5 Dynamic Earth

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Dating rocks	Plate Tectonics - general information	Evidence for plate tectonics - seafloor spreading
Gondwanaland and Pangaea	Australian specific resources	Historical development of theory

Virtual Dating - interactive on Radiocarbon dating and Radiometric dating from California State University
http://vcourseware4.calstatela.edu/VirtualDating/
also
http://www.sciencecourseware.com/VirtualDating/

Learning from the Fossil Record - from University of California, Berkeley
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fosrec/Learning.html

The Talk.Origins Archive (Exploring the Creation/Evolution Controversy) - especially the Browse the Archive which contains some alternative theories
http://www.talkorigins.org/

Radiometric Dating and the Geological Time Scale: Circular Reasoning or Reliable Tools? - from TalkOrigins
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/dating.html

Relative Dating Laboratory - from Georgia Perimeter College
http://www.gpc.edu/%7Epgore/geology/historical_lab/relativedating.htm

Radiometric Dating - from Georgia Perimeter College
http://www.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/geo102/radioa.htm

Geologic Time - from US Geological Survey
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/

Geochronology - from US Geological Survey
http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/wgmt/common/geochronology.html

How do you radiometrically date sedimentary rocks? - from California State University at Long Beach
http://seis.natsci.csulb.edu/rbehl/integration.htm

Geologic Age: Using Radioactive Decay to Determine Geologic Age - from The Learning Web, United States Geological Survey
http://interactive2.usgs.gov/learningweb/teachers/geoage.htm

Clocks in Rocks: Isotopes and Age of Earth - from Global Change, University of Michigan
http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/clocks_in_rocks/clocks_in_rocks.html

Geologic Time Scale Analogy - from Miami University
http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/lab/GeoTime.html

Australia before Time - from Australian Heritage
http://www.ahc.gov.au/publications/geofossil/window.html

Earlier Water on Earth? Oldest Rock Suggests Hospitable Young Planet - from National Science Foundation
http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/press/01/pr0102.htm

World's Oldest Rocks Suggest Early Earth Was Habitable - from National Geographic

News Photos - microscopic view of a zircon crystal determined to be 4.4 billion years old, from University of Wisconsin-Madison
http://www.news.wisc.edu/newsphotos/zircon.html

Teachers notes – Professor Bill Compston: Isotope geochemist - from Australian Academy of Science
http://www.science.org.au/scientists/notesbc.htm

Crustal plates - what and where

Continents on the Move - from Nova Online
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ice/continents/

Plate tectonics - from Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics

Evolving Earth: Plate Tectonics - from University of Michigan, crustal plate interactive map, needs Shockwave
http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/evolving_earth/evolving_earth.html

The Crust - a ThinkQuest
http://mediatheek.thinkquest.nl/~ll125/en/crust.htm

Teaching Plate Tectonics with Easy-to-Draw Illustrations The next time you teach plate tectonics, consider a draw-with-me presentation that will engage your students and help them understand the spatial and movement aspects of plate boundary environments.
http://geology.com/nsta/

CPO Science - PowerPoint presentation on Plate tectonics and map analysis, map can be captured as a screen dump
http://www.cpo.com/powerpoint/bathymetric_map.ppt#282,1,Slide 1

Earth Education Online Teacher's Manual Draft - Chapter 4: Plate Tectonics, an inexpensive CD is available for student use e.g. 20 pack is $30 US
http://earthednet.org/Support/ODP/TeachersMan.html

Earth Ed CD Our Dynamic Planet
http://earthednet.org/ODP_Advert/odp_onepage.htm

Bathymetric map of world Black and white
http://whale.wheelock.edu/whalenet-stuff/MAPSindex/images/world10x8BWBathymetric.jpg

Background and general information

It's Just a Theory - a WebQuest produced by UniServe Science on the Theory of Plate Tectonics
http://science.uniserve.edu.au/school/quests/plattect.html

When the Earth Moves - from Beyond Discovery, The National Academy of Sciences
http://www.beyonddiscovery.org/content/view.article.asp?a=229

Tectonic Plates - from worldatlas.com, printable image
http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/tectonic.htm

Exploring Earth

Chapter 8: Plate Tectonics - includes investigations, interactives, visualisations and data centres
http://earthsci.terc.edu/navigation/chapter08.cfm

Investigations - includes plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain building, each with notes and simple interactives
http://earthsci.terc.edu/navigation/investigation.cfm

Visualizations - includes plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain building, each with visualisations of features
http://earthsci.terc.edu/navigation/visualization.cfm

All About Plate Tectonics: Earth's Plates and Continental Drift - from Enchanted Learning. Colourful imgages
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/planets/earth/Continents.shtml

Plate Tectonics - from NASA Observatorium
http://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/earth/tectonics/Tectonics1.html

Geology : Plate Tectonics - history and mechanisms, from Musuem of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/tectonics.html

Hell's Crust: Our Everchanging Planet - from Savage Earth, PBS Broadcasting. The Earth at Work
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/savageearth/hellscrust/index.html

This Dynamic Earth - from United States Geological Survey. Online book of 77 pages, also available as a pdf
http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/dynamic.html

Plate Tectonics and Sea-Floor Spreading, Subduction Zones, "Hot Spots", and the "Ring of Fire" - from United States Geological Survey
http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/PlateTectonics/

Plate tectonics - text summary of key concepts, from University of Newcastle upon Tyne, England
http://www.burdon.demon.co.uk/g12.htm

Regional Paleogeographic Views of Earth History - this presentation uses a series of paleogeographic and plate-tectonic reconstructions to show the broad patterns of Phanerozoic Earth history organised by region and in geologic order from oldest to youngest for each region. The Time Slice link shows all maps and globes of all regions by geologic time (the Periods), from North Arizona University
http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/globaltext.html

Hess proposes sea-floor spreading - from A Science Odyssey
http://cgi.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/do62se.html

Developing the Theory - from This Dynamic Earth, United States Geological Survey
http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/developing.html

Earth Science from Moorland School, UK Where is the Evidence for Plate Tectonics?
http://www.moorlandschool.co.uk/earth/tectonic.htm

Plate Tectonics: The Evidence - tutorial from Geology Rocks, University of Edinburgh
http://www.geologyrocks.co.uk/tut.php?tutorial=8

Geophysical Remote Sensing - with excellent images and diagrams of geomagnetic information, from Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_1a.html

Anomalies hint at magnetic pole flip - a short article from New Scientist, April 2002
http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99992152

Magnetic Field Sensor for Schools - from Vernier Instrument Company
http://www2.vernier.com/booklets/mg-bta.pdf

How we Know Plates Move - from Dynamic Earth, University of Leeds
http://earth.leeds.ac.uk/dynamicearth/plates_move/

Magnetic Anomalies and Sea-floor Spreading Rate - graphics for interpretation, from EarthRef.org Digital Archive (ERDA)
http://earthref.org/cgi-bin/er.cgi?s=erda.cgi?n=339

Magnetic stripes and isotopic clocks - from This Dynamic Earth, United States Geological Survey
http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/stripes.html

Testing the Sea-Floor Spreading Hypothesis - from Volcano World
http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/plate_tectonics/part9.html

Volcanic activity and sea floor spreading (mid ocean ridges and subduction zones)

Erupt Page Erupt is a graphical simulation of volcanic eruptions including: Vulcanian/Plinian pyroclastic surge and flow; Strombolian scoria fall; Hawaiian type mafic lava flows; silicic lava dome and Plinian pumice fall. The software, which is only available for DOS/Windows, can be downloaded from the web site. It is shareware but registration is essential to get the maximum out of the program.
http://www-geo.lanl.gov/Wohletz/Erupt.htm
A comprehensive description of the program can be found at http://www-geo.lanl.gov/Wohletz/Erupt-Doc.htm

Volcanoes and Iceland - from Northeastern University
http://www.casdn.neu.edu/~geology/department/staff/colgan/iceland/volcanos.htm

Flood basalts, mantle plumes and mass extinctions - from The Geological Society, UK
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/template.cfm?name=fbasalts

Volcanoes: Can we predict volcanic eruptions? - from Annenberg/CPB Channel
http://www.learner.org/exhibits/volcanoes/entry.html

Volcano World - from University of North Dakota
http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/

STROMBOLI on line - from Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich
http://www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/

Modules and Activities - (Volcanoes) at Exploring the Environment
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/modules.html

Volcanoes - at Exploring the Environment
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/volcanoes/volcano.html

USGS Volcano Watch - from United States Geological Survey
http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/

Global Volcanism Program - at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
http://www.volcano.si.edu/gvp/

Voyage to Puna Ridge - including Factoids on Lava Flows Underwater and Basalt
http://www.punaridge.org/

Petrology Basics - from University of British Columbia
http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/petrology/petrobasics.html

Atlas of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks, Minerals and Textures - from Virtual Geology, University of North Carolina
http://www.geolab.unc.edu/Petunia/IgMetAtlas/mainmenu.html

Ask GeoMan... - from University of Oregon
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/AskGeoManIndex.html

Igneous Rocks - from James Madison University
http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/IgnRx/Ighome.html

Rock Cycle - concept map - from University of Indiana
http://igs.indiana.edu/Geology/rocks/rockcycleactivities/index.cfm

Volcanoes and Igneous Rocks Concept Maps -from USC Columbia, Center for Science Education. Click on the link http://cse.cosm.sc.edu/erth_sci/Igneous/IFrame1.htmLesson Concept maps
http://cse.cosm.sc.edu/erth_sci/Igneous/IFrame1.htm

Oceanography

World Ocean Floors - a map of the plate boundaries with clickable areas that provide local maps and commentary on tectonic features, in particular Three Tectonic Plates Collide Down Under
http://www.platetectonics.com/oceanfloors/index.asp

Digital Map of the Age of the Ocean Floor
http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~data/database/oceanage/jgr_paper.html

Total Sediment Thickness of the World's Oceans & Marginal Seas - from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/sedthick/sedthick.html

Sample Images of Crustal Ages of the Sea Floor - from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/crustage.HTML

The Formation of Pangaea: The Making of a Supercontinent - from Donald L. Blanchard's Earth Sciences Web Site
http://webspinners.com/dlblanc/tectonic/pangea.php

Continental Drift - an animation from Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/anim9.html

Dispersal of Gondwanaland - from Dynamic Earth, Leeds University
http://earth.leeds.ac.uk/~greg/Gond.html

Gondwanaland - from Office of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation
http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/support/gondwana.htm

Continental divide: the breakup of Pangaea - an interactive animation from Origins: Antacrtica
http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/antarctica/ideas/gondwana2.html

Oz Volcanoes: A web-based activity exploring recent volcanic activity in Australia - from UniServe Science
http://science.uniserve.edu.au/school/quests/ozvolcanoes.html

Welcome to the Monotremes - from The University of Edinburgh
http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/index.php?page=24.134.165.167

Images of Volcanoes in the Australian Region - from Volcano World
http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/australia/australia.html

Tunnels to a Wildlife Underworld - Undara Lava Tubes, Queensland
http://www.undara.com.au/geo/

Dr Dietmar Müller's web site - at The University of Sydney
http://www.geosci.usyd.edu.au/users/dietmar/

Hess proposes sea-floor spreading 1960 - from A Science Odyssey
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/do62se.html

Harry Hess 1906 - 1969 - from People and Discoveries, A Science Odyssey
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bohess.html

Harry Hammond Hess: Spreading the seafloor - from This Dynamic Earth, United States Geological Survey
http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/HHH.html

Alfred Wegener 1880 - 1930 - from People and Discoveries, A Science Odyssey
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bowege.html

Wegener proposes idea of continental drift 1912 - from People and Discoveries, A Science Odyssey
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/do12we.html

Alfred Lothar Wegener: Moving continents - from This Dynamic Earth, United States Geological Survey
http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/wegener.html

The Meteorologist Who Started a Revolution - from The Plate Tectonics web site
http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/histgeol/wegener/wegener.htm

Arthur Holmes 1890 - 1965 - from People and Discoveries, A Science Odyssey
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/boholm.html

Magnetic bands provide evidence of sea-floor spreading 1963 - from People and Discoveries, A Science Odyssey
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/do63ma.html

Life is found near deep ocean vents 1977 - from People and Discoveries, A Science Odyssey
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/do77li.html

Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) - from the Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/wegener.html

Historical perspective - from This Dynamic Earth, USGS
http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/historical.html

Plate Tectonics: The Rocky History of an Idea - from the Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/techist.html

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